This is a working overview of NAD+, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-07-29 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
NMN occurs in many living systems, including bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammals. Dietary sources are present in foods such as edamame, avocado, broccoli, and various meats, but amounts vary widely and are generally lower than those used in research settings. Laboratory production often relies on enzymatic synthesis or chemical phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside, and commercial material is typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. Because NMN is hygroscopic and sensitive to heat, moisture, and pH extremes, its handling requires care to preserve identity and purity. Aqueous preparation should be done with attention to pH and temperature to limit hydrolysis.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, abbreviated NMN, is a naturally occurring nucleotide found in cells. Its structure consists of a nicotinamide ring linked to ribose phosphate, and the compound serves as an intermediate in the salvage pathway for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD+. In this pathway, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase converts nicotinamide and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate into NMN, after which NMN adenylyltransferase attaches an adenylate group to produce NAD+. Because NAD+ participates in redox reactions and signaling, NMN occupies a central position in cellular metabolism. The molecule is distinct from nicotinamide riboside, though the two are related in NAD+ precursor research.
The term NMN commonly refers to the beta isomer, in which the nicotinamide group is attached to the ribose through a beta-glycosidic bond. Commercial material may be supplied as the free acid or as a salt, such as a sodium salt, which affects molecular weight and water solubility. Related compounds include nicotinamide riboside and NAD+ itself, but these are distinct molecules with different formulas and cellular handling. Laboratory research often uses the beta form because it matches the naturally occurring configuration found in biological systems.
Small amounts of NMN occur in some foods, including certain vegetables, fruits, and animal products, though the quantities are generally low and variable. Human cells also synthesize NMN internally from nicotinamide and other precursors. Research interest increased after studies examined whether raising NAD+ levels affects metabolism and aging-related pathways in animals. Evidence in humans remains limited and mixed for many outcomes, and questions about effective absorption, tissue delivery, and long-term effects are still open. Regulatory status differs by country, with some markets treating NMN as a supplement ingredient and others restricting its sale.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, usually shortened to NMN, is a naturally occurring nucleotide. Its structure consists of a nicotinamide base linked to a ribose sugar that carries a phosphate group. In cells, NMN serves as an intermediate in the salvage pathway that produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD+. Because NAD+ participates in many oxidation-reduction reactions, NMN sits near central metabolic processes. The compound is not a drug in most jurisdictions and is discussed mainly in biochemistry and nutrition research.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical formula | C11H15N2O8P | Neutral form; often supplied as a salt or hydrate. |
| Molecular weight | 334.22 g/mol | Calculated for C11H15N2O8P. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Color can vary with purity and hydration. |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Aqueous solutions are acidic and stability depends on pH and temperature. |
| Typical storage | −20 °C or below, desiccated | Protect from light; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. |
Terminology around NMN can be confusing because several related compounds share the vitamin B3 family. Nicotinamide riboside is a nucleoside, whereas NMN is a nucleotide with a phosphate group, and NAD+ is a dinucleotide coenzyme rather than a simple precursor. Niacin and nicotinamide are also NAD+ precursors but follow different metabolic entry points. In commercial and scientific writing, NMN usually refers to beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide unless another form is specified. Consistent nomenclature helps distinguish chemical identity from proposed biological effects.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, commonly abbreviated NMN, is a pyridine nucleotide that consists of a nicotinamide ring, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate group. It is an intermediate in the salvage pathway for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD+, synthesis. In mammalian cells, the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase produces NMN from nicotinamide and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases then convert NMN into NAD+. The core structure and enzymatic route are well established in biochemical literature.
NMN is present in small amounts in some foods, including certain vegetables, fruits, and animal products, but food content varies widely and is not well standardized. In laboratory research, NMN is used as a tool compound to study NAD+ metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cellular stress responses. Animal studies have reported changes in NAD+ levels and various physiological measures after NMN administration, but species differences and study designs limit direct extrapolation to humans. Human trials have largely focused on safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics, with fewer studies examining clinical endpoints.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, commonly abbreviated NMN, is a naturally occurring nucleotide. Its structure consists of a nicotinamide ring attached to a ribose sugar that carries a phosphate group. The molecular formula is C11H15N2O8P, and the molar mass is about 334.22 grams per mole. In cells, NMN is an intermediate in the salvage pathway that recycles nicotinamide to maintain NAD+ levels. It is not the same compound as NAD+, although it is a direct precursor in one enzymatic step.
In the NAD+ salvage pathway, the enzyme NAMPT converts nicotinamide and a phosphate-donor molecule into NMN. A second enzyme, NMNAT, then converts NMN into NAD+. Nicotinamide riboside can also enter this route after being converted to NMN by nicotinamide riboside kinases. Because NMN sits at a junction between precursor uptake and NAD+ formation, its cellular concentration is tightly linked to enzyme activity and tissue type. NAD+ participates in redox reactions, signaling, and DNA repair, and its levels decline with age in some animal models, though human evidence remains more limited and context-dependent.
Research interest in NMN increased after animal studies reported that oral or injected NMN can raise NAD+ levels in some tissues. How NMN is absorbed and distributed in humans is not fully established. Some evidence suggests extracellular NMN may be dephosphorylated to nicotinamide riboside before cellular uptake, while other studies propose specific transport routes. Direct human data on these mechanisms remain limited. Regulatory status also varies: in some countries NMN is treated as a dietary supplement, while elsewhere it is restricted or requires approval, and these differences affect labeling, sale, and research.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, commonly abbreviated NMN, is a naturally occurring nucleotide found in the cells of many organisms. Its structure consists of a nicotinamide group linked to a ribose sugar that carries a phosphate group. NMN is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD+, a coenzyme involved in many metabolic reactions. The abbreviation usually refers to the beta anomer, though related forms can exist. In scientific literature, NMN is distinct from nicotinamide riboside, another NAD+ precursor.
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Anastrozole, sold under the brand name Arimidex among others, is an antiestrogenic medication used in addition to other treatments for breast cancer. Specifically it is used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. It has also been used to prevent breast cancer in those at high risk. It is taken orally. Common side effects of anastrozole include hot flashes, altered mood, joint pain, and nausea. Severe side effects include an increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus. Anastrozole is in the aromatase-inhibiting family of medications. It works by blocking the production of estrogens in the body, and hence has antiestrogenic effects. Anastrozole was patented in 1987 and was approved for medical use in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Anastrozole is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 194th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.
Internalizing RGD (iRGD) peptides are a class of 9-amino acid cyclic peptides containing an RGD sequence, which undergo internalization as discussed below. The prototypic iRGD peptide, shown in the image on the right (sequence: CRGDKGPDC; CAS 1392278-76-0), was originally identified in an in vivo screening of phage display libraries in tumor-bearing mice. The peptide was able to home to tumor tissues, but in contrast to standard RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) peptides, spread much more extensively into extravascular tumor tissue. It was later identified that this extravasation and transport through extravascular tumor tissue is due to the bifunctional action of the molecule: after the initial RGD-mediated tumor homing, another pharmacologic motif is able to manipulate tumor microenvironment, making it temporarily accessible to circulating drugs. This second step is mediated through specific secondary binding to neuropilin-1 receptor, and subsequent activation of a trans-tissue pathway, dubbed the C-end Rule, or CendR pathway.
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=== Culinary === Potassium alum may be an acidic ingredient of baking powder to provide a second leavening phase at high temperatures (although sodium alum is more commonly used for that purpose). For example, potassium alum is frequently used in leavening of youtiao, a traditional Chinese fried bread, throughout China. Alum was used by bakers in England during the 1800s to make bread whiter. This was theorized by some, including John Snow, to cause rickets. The Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 63) prevented this and other adulterations. Potassium alum, under the name "alum powder", is found in the spice section of many grocery stores in the US. Its chief culinary use is in pickling recipes, to preserve and add crispness to fruit and vegetables.
== Inhibitors == Proteinase K has two disulfide bonds, but it exhibits higher proteolytic activity in the presence of reducing agents (e.g. 5 mM DTT), suggesting that the presumed reduction of its own disulfide bonds does not lead to its irreversible inactivation. Proteinase K is inhibited by serine protease inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), or 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF). Proteinase K activity is unaffected by the sulfhydryl modifying reagents: para-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethyl-ketone (TLCK), or N-alpha-Tosyl-l-phenylalanine Chloromethyl Ketone (TPCK), although presumably if these reagents were included alongside disulfide reducing reagents which exposed the typically-unavailable Proteinase K thiols, it may then become inhibited.
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=== Casting === Brec Bassinger was cast as Courtney Whitmore / Stargirl in September 2018. Johns called the casting of Stargirl a difficult process, auditioning hundreds of actresses for the role. On why Bassinger was perfect for the role, Johns said: "Immediately... I knew she was Courtney. She has the humor, she has the enthusiasm, the energy, the innate optimism, and Brec really embodies who Stargirl is". The following roles were cast in November: Anjelika Washington as Beth Chapel / Doctor Mid-Nite, Yvette Monreal as Yolanda Montez / Wildcat, and Christopher James Baker as Henry King / Brainwave. In January 2019, Luke Wilson was cast as Pat Dugan / S.T.R.I.P.E. Amy Smart joined the cast as Barbara Whitmore in February, along with Neil Jackson as Jordan Mahkent / Icicle, Trae Romano as Mike Dugan, Hunter Sansone as Cameron, and Cameron Gellman as Rick Tyler / Hourman. Also Jake Austin Walker was cast as Henry King Jr. and Meg DeLacy cast as Cindy Burman. The following members of the Justice Society of America were cast in December 2018: Joel McHale as Sylvester Pemberton / Starman, Lou Ferrigno Jr. as Rex Tyler / Hourman, Brian Stapf as Ted Grant / Wildcat, and Henry Thomas as Charles McNider / Doctor Mid-Nite. As well, Joy Osmanski was cast as Paula Brooks / Tigress, Neil Hopkins was cast as Lawrence "Crusher" Crock / Sportsmaster, and Nelson Lee was cast as Dr. Ito / Dragon King, members of the Injustice Society. In April 2019, Hina Khan was cast as Anaya Bowin.
== Charity == Through its fundraiser "Drink One for Dane", Dutch Bros Coffee donates to the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Its other annual charitable initiatives include Dutch Luv, which benefits local food banks, and Buck for Kids, which supports local youth organizations, including chapters of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.
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== Structural studies == As of late 2007, 12 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes PDB: 1DQ8, PDB: 1DQ9, PDB: 1DQA, PDB: 1HW8, PDB: 1HW9, PDB: 1HWI, PDB: 1HWJ, PDB: 1HWK, PDB: 1HWL, PDB: 2Q1L, PDB: 2Q6B, and PDB: 2Q6C.
Alza Corporation was an American pharmaceutical and medical systems company. Founded in 1968 by Dr. Alejandro Zaffaroni; the company's name is a portmanteau of his name. Alza was a major pioneer in the field of drug delivery systems, bringing over 20 prescription pharmaceutical products to market, and employing about 10,000 people during 20 years. In 2001, Alza was acquired by Johnson & Johnson via a stock-for-stock transaction worth US$10.5 billion. The company owns the patents on the following delivery platforms: Alzamer Depot D-Trans DUROS implant E-Trans electrotransport OROS (Osmotic Release Oral System) Macroflux transdermal system Stealth liposomal
A wide variety of neptunium sulfide compounds have been characterized, including the pure sulfide compounds NpS, NpS3, Np2S5, Np3S5, Np2S3, and Np3S4. Of these, Np2S3, prepared by reacting NpO2 with hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide at around 1000 °C, is the most well-studied and three allotropic forms are known. The α form exists up to around 1230 °C, the β up to 1530 °C, and the γ form, which can also exist as Np3S4, at higher temperatures. NpS can be produced by reacting Np2S3 and neptunium metal at 1600 °C and Np3S5 can be prepared by the decomposition of Np2S3 at 500 °C or by reacting sulfur and neptunium hydride at 650 °C. Np2S5 is made by heating a mixture of Np3S5 and pure sulfur to 500 °C. All of the neptunium sulfides except for the β and γ forms of Np2S3 are isostructural with the equivalent uranium sulfide and several, including NpS, α−Np2S3, and β−Np2S3 are also isostructural with the equivalent plutonium sulfide. The oxysulfides NpOS, Np4O4S3, and Np2O2S have also been produced, although the latter two have not been well studied. NpOS was first prepared in 1985 by vacuum sealing NpO2, Np3S5, and pure sulfur in a quartz tube and heating it to 900 °C for one week. Neptunium selenide compounds that have been reported include NpSe, NpSe3, Np2Se3, Np2Se5, Np3Se4, and Np3Se5. All of these have only been obtained by heating neptunium hydride and selenium metal to various temperatures in a vacuum for an extended period of time and Np2Se3 is only known to exist in the γ allotrope at relatively high temperatures.
Three basic battery types are used in 2020s-era electric vehicles: cylindrical cells (e.g., Tesla), prismatic pouch (e.g., from LG), and prismatic can cells (e.g., from LG, Samsung, Panasonic, and others). Lithium-ion flow batteries have been demonstrated that suspend the cathode or anode material in an aqueous or organic solution. As of 2014, the smallest Li-ion cell was pin-shaped with a diameter of 3.5 mm and a weight of 0.6 g, made by Panasonic. A coin cell form factor is available for LiCoO2 cells, usually designated with a "LiR" prefix.
Office of the Secretary of State Military Secretary's Department (1870–1964) Department of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary for War Directorate-General of Lands (?–1923) Directorate of Lands (from 1923) Directorate-General of the Territorial and Volunteer Forces (?–1921) Directorate-General of the Territorial Army (from 1921) Central Department (Department of the Secretary) Department of the Chaplain-General Department of the Judge Advocate-General Publicity Section/Information Section Department of the Financial and Parliamentary Secretary (Finance Department) Directorate of Army Contracts (from 1924) Imperial General Staff Directorate of Military Intelligence (?–1922) Directorate of Military Operations (?–1922) Directorate of Military Operations and Intelligence (from 1922) Directorate of Military Training (from 1922) Directorate of Army Staff Duties Department of the Adjutant-General Directorate-General of Graves Registration and Enquiries (?–1921) Directorate-General of Army Medical Services Directorate of Mobilisation Directorate of Organisation Directorate of Army Personal Service Directorate of Prisoners of War (?–1921) Directorate of Recruiting and Organisation Department of the Quartermaster-General Directorate of Equipment and Ordnance Stores (?–1927) Directorate of Movements Directorate of Quartering Directorate of Remounts Directorate of Supplies and Transport Controller of Surplus Stores and Salvage Surveyor-General of Supply (?–1921) Directorate-General of Army Veterinary Services Directorate of Works (from 1927) Department of the Master-General of the Ordnance Directorate of Artillery Directorate of Factories Directorate of Fortifications and Works (?–1927) Directorate of Ordnance Services (from 1927) Chief Technical Examiner for Works Services Directorate of Military Aeronautics (1913–1918)
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
NMN is nicotinamide mononucleotide, a nucleotide intermediate in NAD+ biosynthesis. It consists of nicotinamide, ribose, and phosphate groups.
No. NMN is a precursor, while NAD+ is the dinucleotide product formed after an adenylate group is added. They are distinct molecules with different cellular roles.
Small amounts of NMN have been reported in several foods, including some vegetables and meats. The concentrations are variable and usually much lower than those used in laboratory research.
NMN stands for nicotinamide mononucleotide. It is a nucleotide composed of nicotinamide, ribose, and phosphate. In cells, it is an intermediate in NAD+ biosynthesis.